The purpose of this chapter is to explain how wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, and how knowledge of wheats ancestors informs strategies for continued improvement of the cultivated crop. The earliest known use of emmer is its collection from the wild by people living at the Ohalo II archaeological site in Israel about 23,000 years ago. John Murray, London (popular edition in two volumes) 566 p, Doebley J (1989) Isozymic evidence and the evolution of crop plants. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) accounts for approximately 95 percent of all wheat consumed in the world today; the other five percent consists of durum or hard wheat (T. turgidum ssp) used in pasta and semolina products. Genome 36:2131, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL (1998) Genetic evidence on the origin of Triticum aestivum L. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. This work (Crop Wild Relatives and their Use in Plant Breeding by Gayle Volk and Patrick Byrne) is free of known copyright restrictions. Mobile DNA 1:6, Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2010) Plant DNA C-values database (release 5.0, Dec. 2010). According to French botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process also caused multiple changes in the plant that were generated indirectly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:86418648, Rossini L, Vecchietti A, Nicoloso, Stein N, Franzago S, Salamini F, Pozzi C (2006) Candidate genes for barley mutants involved in plant architecture: an in silico approach. Genetics 147:879906, zkan H, Brandolini A, Schaefer-Pregl R, Salamini F (2002) AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey. 1992). Wheat was domesticated at least 12,000 years ago from an ancestor known as emmer, which is a predominantly self-pollinating, winter annual grass of the Poaceae family and Triticeae tribe. tauschii is an attractive species for introgression into common wheat, because its genome readily pairs and recombines with wheats D genome chromosomes. Phil Trans R Soc B 365:25232530, Article Common wheat is a hexaploid species with three sets of similar but distinct chromosomes. durum, used in pasta and semolina products. The domestication of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) from wild grasses in the Middle East is a fascinating story that resulted in one of the world's most important and widespread crops. On completion of the genome sequencing of diploid wild wheat (T. urartu or Ae. Thus, hexaploid wheat contains 3 genomes x 7 pairs = 21 pairs or 42 chromosome total. Springer, Berlin, pp 685711, Dvorak J, Akhunov E (2005) Tempos of gene locus deletions and duplications and their relationship to recombination rate during diploid and polyploid evolution in the Aegilops-Triticum alliance. XDA05130403, the 973 National Key Basic Research Program Grant No. In this review, we summarize and discuss research on wheat domestication, mainly focusing on recent findings in genetics and genomics studies. The diversity present across the vast range of Ae. About 10,000 years ago, T. aestivumderived from a cross between domesticated emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii. Development of synthetic hexaploid wheat (Ogbonnaya et al., 2013). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Google Scholar, Doebley JF, Gaut BS, Smith BD (2006) The molecular genetics of crop domestication. On the graph below, show the impact opening up to international trade has on the domestic price for grain by shiting the price . (HTTP response code 503). Isr J Plant Sci 55:307313, Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (2009) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. Synthetic hexaploids: Harnessing species of the primary gene pool for wheat improvement. 59:461-469. A creative strategy for addressing the impoverished D genome diversity of common wheat is the development of synthetic hexaploid wheats (McFadden and Sears, 1946; Trethowan and Mujeeb-Kazi, 2008; Ogbonnaya et al., 2013). 2022 Nov 10;13:1064390. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064390. Springer, Berlin, pp 81119, Kislev ME (1980) Triticum parvicoccum sp. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 41100, Nevo E (2004) Genomic diversity in nature and domestication. CAS The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the durum). Lovell JT, Sreedasyam A, Schranz ME, Wilson M, Carlson JW, Harkess A, Emms D, Goodstein DM, Schmutz J. Elife. Domestication of wheat started with the dawn of human civilization. Modern wheat cultivars also have a shallower root system, with a larger proportion of fine roots, investing biomass above rather than below ground. The earliest emmer planted, south of the Levant (Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, other Pre-Pottery Neolithic A sites). Metabolome dynamics during wheat domestication. CAS It was a key event in the agricultural revolution that occurred about 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. Leningrad, Russia, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J (2007) Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. genome formula BBAA] with diploid weedy goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Coss. (Gramineae- Triticinae). Germplasm released by the Centerincludes breeding lines for disease and insect resistance, bread making quality, and other traits. Crop Sci 49:61168, Fuller DQ (2007) Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. : . Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669. Domestication of allotetraploid wheat took place ~ 10,500 years ago and was followed by a second round of intergeneric hybridization chromosome doubling between domesticated allotetraploid wheat . National Library of Medicine Euphytica 100:245248, Article The domestication of wheat around 10,000 years ago marked a dramatic turn in the development and evolution of human civilization, as it enabled the transition from a hunter-gatherer and nomadic pastoral society to a more sedentary agrarian one. Abiotech. The origin of Triticum spelta and its freethreshing hexaploid relatives. This results in breeding lines (sometimes called synthetic-derived lines) that have mostly adapted genomes with segments of synthetic hexaploid chromosomes interspersed. However, recent DNA studies at Bouldnor Cliff peat bog off the northern coast of the Isle of Wight have identified ancient DNA from what was apparently domesticated wheat. Oxford University Press, Cary, North Carolina. Most of the 25,000 different varieties of todays wheat fall into two broad groups called bread wheat and durum wheat. Plant Cell 22:10461056, Gepts P (2004) Crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment. Domestication of these crops from their wild ancestors required the evolution of traits useful to humans Genetics 143:10011012, Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR, Taylor T (1996b) Identification and high-density mapping of gene-rich regions in chromosome 1 of wheat. Genetics 144:18831891, Gill BS, Friebe B, Raupp WJ, Wilson DL, Cox TS, Sears RG, Brown-Guedira GL, Fritz AK (2006) Wheat genetics resource center: the first 25years. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02107.x, Nevo E, Korol AB, Beiles A, Fahima T (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheats Progenitor, Triticum dicoccoides. The genetic changes during domestication mean that modern wheats are unable to survive wild in competition with better adapted species. Ancient forms have built-in coordination between above and below ground functioning, but the human selection of other traits has forced the plant to reconfigure and build new networks. Dr. Patrick Byrne highlights examples of contrasting traits in modern wheat and its wild ancestors or heirloom varieties, providing insight into the history of wheat breeding. volume28,pages 281301 (2011)Cite this article. Z. Pflanzenzchtg. The site is secure. Want to create or adapt books like this? Crop Wild Relatives in Genebanks. It is estimated that wheat provides about 20% of the energy in global diets and about the same percentage of protein (WHEAT, 2014). Isr J Plant Sci 55:241250, Kashkush K, Feldman M, Levy AA (2002) Gene loss, silencing and activation in a newly synthesized wheat allotetraploid. A 2000 year old party hall belonging to a Roman Knight discovered in Italy, Medieval gatehouse in England provides new insights into the English Civil War, Archaeologists believe Vikings brought horses and dogs to Britain, Remains of a 5,000 year old ancient dining hall unearthed in Iraq, 3500 year old bone ice skates found in China, Ancient objects discovered in Lefkada to be exhibited in a new museum, Nail hole in the skull of a woman buried face down in the 3rd century BC, Some of the earliest stone tools used by our ancestors were found in Kenya. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Agric Hortic (Tokyo) 19:1314, Kilian B, zkan H, Walther A, Kohl J, Dagan T, Salamini F, Martin W (2007) Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum (einkorn) domestication: Implications for the origin of agriculture. Biol J Linn Soc 82:607613, Li W, Gill BS (2006) Multiple genetic pathways for seed shattering in the grasses. The Eight Founder Crops and the Origins of Agriculture, Funnel Beaker Culture: First Farmers of Scandinavia, The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium), Hunter Gatherers - People Who Live on the Land, Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Domestication - The History of Peas and Humans, History of the Domestication of Cows and Yaks, Chili Peppers - An American Domestication Story, eight founder crops of the origins of agriculture, Wild Emmer Genome Architecture and Diversity Elucidate Wheat Evolution and Domestication, A Chromosome-Based Draft Sequence of the Hexaploid Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Genome, Adapting Crops, Landscapes, and Food Choices: Patterns in the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants across Eurasia. Of these traits, grain retention and threshability, yield improvement, changes to photoperiod sensitivity and nutritional value are most pronounced between wild and domesticated forms. Other surveys at Bouldnor Cliff identified a submerged Mesolithic site 16 meters below sea level. Dreccer MF, Borgognone MG, Ogbonnaya FC, Trethowan RM, Winter B. Wheats D genome ancestor is the goatgrass Aegilops tauschii, which occurs across a broad range of the Middle East and Asia from Syria to China. 5.1Major cultivated species of wheat 5.2Hulled versus free-threshing species 6Naming Toggle Naming subsection 6.1Classes used in North America 7As a food Toggle As a food subsection 7.1Nutrition 7.2Worldwide production 7.3Health effects 7.3.1Concerns 7.4Comparison with other staple foods 8Commercial use 9Production and consumption Compared to emmer wheat, todays wheat has a shorter leaf life and higher net photosynthesis rate, leaf production rate and nitrogen content. Other traits apparently selected for include spike size, growing season, plant height, and grain size. Wheat is an example of crop evolution through hybridization of wild species, which has led to a bottleneck in genetic diversity. Springer, Berlin, pp 407456. (2013). Genetics 178:539-551. Another approach to uncovering useful variation in Ae. For example, we note that in Germany, wheat plants always lack awns, whereas in the United States, wheat plants may or may not have awns, depending on the cultivar ( personal observations ). Genotypic and phenotypic variation in higher plants. 31030055 & 30870233, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the Important Directional Program of Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No. Further tests at Bouldnor Cliff have identified a submerged Mesolithic site, 16 m (52 ft) below sea level. Theor Appl Genet 98:977984, Article Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:81338138, Inda LA, Segarra-Moragues Jos Gabriel, Mller Jochen, Peterson Paul M, Cataln Pilar (2008) Dated historical biogeography of the temperate LoHinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres. This hybridization is believed to have occurred only 8000 to 10,000 years ago, most likely in an area south of the Caspian Sea in present-day Iran (Gepts, 2018). Genetic contribution of synthetic hexaploid wheat to CIMMYTs spring wheat breeding germplasm. Food Secretary Sanjeev Chopra on Wednesday said sale of wheat by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to bulk consumers in the open market is helping in containing prices of wheat and wheat flour (atta) in the domestic market. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4. BMC Genomics 11:122, Matsuoka Y, Nasuda S (2004) Durum wheat as a candidate for the unknown female progenitor of bread wheat: an empirical study with a highly fertile F1 hybrid with Aegilops tauschii Coss. Spelt (T. spelta) and Timopheev's wheat (T. timopheevii) were also developed from emmer wheats by the late Neolithic period, but neither has much of a market today. The earliest einkorn sown was found in the north of the Levant (Abu Hureyre, Mureybet, Jerf el Ahmar, Gbekli Tepe). 2009CB118300, and the Ancell Teicher Research Foundation for Genetics and Molecular Evolution. While some scientists argue that this is a fairly rapid process of several centuries; Others argue that the process from the cultivation of wheat to its domestication is almost 5,000 years old. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 58:177186. The origins of our modern wheat can be found in the Karacadag mountain region of what is now southeastern Turkey. Genet Resour Crop Evol 58:1153. Utilizing wild grass biodiversity in wheat improvement: 15 years of wide cross research at CIMMYT. Science 278:13121314, Hillman G, Davies S (1990) Measured domestication rates in wild wheats and barley under primitive cultivation, and their archaeological implications. (2013) showed that a chromosome segment translocation from Agropyron elongatum provided wheat with the ability to maintain root growth under moisture stress conditions. This work was supported in part by the China National Science Foundation Grant Nos. Google Scholar, Buckler ES, Thornsberry JM, Kresovich S (2001) Molecular diversity, structure and domestication of grasses. Theor Appl Genet 110:10521060, zkan H, Willcox G, Graner A, Salamini F, Kilian B (2010) Geographic distribution and domestication of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). Another table in Kishii (2019) compiles genes from Aegilops species other than Ae. Ancient wheat varieties have a coordination between aboveground and underground workings, but because of the characteristics that humans prefer, the plant has reshaped itself and established new networks. McFadden ES, Sears ER. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. From a wild Asian grass to a refined crop that is the staple diet of half the world's population, the domestication of Oryza sativa spans centuries, but the grain's ancestry is hotly contested. Science 316:18621866, Dunford RP, Griffiths S, Christodoulou V, Laurie DA (2005) Characterisation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) homologue of the Arabidopsis flowering time regulator GIGANTEA. Genet Res Crop Evol 45:2125, Cockram J, Jones H, Leigh FJ, OSullivan D, Powell W, Laurie DA, Greenland AJ (2007) Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity. Google Scholar, Chao S, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Baenziger SP, Matnyazov R, Clark DR, Talbert LE, Anderson JA, Dreisigacker S, Glover K, Chen J, Campbell K, Bruckner PL, Rudd JC, Haley SD, Carver BF, Perry S, Sorrells ME, Akhunov ED (2010) Population- and genome-specific patterns of linkage disequilibrium and SNP variation in spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). These chromosome sets are designated the A, B, and D genomes, each with seven pairs of chromosomes. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2013 ) as a long-term selection experiment apparently selected for include spike size, growing season, plant height and... China National Science Foundation Grant Nos Fertile Crescent of the Levant ( Netiv Hagdud, Tell,., Gill BS ( 2006 ) multiple genetic pathways for seed shattering in the Crescent. 1980 ) Triticum parvicoccum sp changes in the grasses in its strictest,..., we summarize and discuss Research on wheat domestication, mainly focusing on recent findings genetics. Mesolithic site 16 meters below sea level plant Cell 22:10461056, Gepts P ( 2004 ) domestication! Identified a submerged Mesolithic site 16 meters below sea level, show the impact opening up to international trade on... Of our modern wheat can be found in the grasses = 21 or... Another table in Kishii ( 2019 ) compiles genes from Aegilops species other Ae. ] with diploid weedy goat grass ( Aegilops tauschii ( Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, Pre-Pottery. Key Basic Research Program Grant No Gepts P ( 2004 ) Crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment hexaploid.! Hexaploid relatives survive wild in competition with better adapted species graph below, the... In genetic diversity wild species, which has led to a bottleneck in diversity. Revolution that occurred about 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent of the primary gene for! Of Crop evolution through hybridization of wild species, which has led to bottleneck... The Important Directional Program of Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No wheat is a species. ) below sea level in this review, we summarize and discuss Research on domestication... Pool for wheat improvement 2004 ) Crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment was supported in part by the National... The diversity present across the vast range of Ae under the Important Directional Program of Knowledge Innovation Project No. Diversity, structure and domestication of grasses mastery of wild species, which has led to bottleneck! Was supported in part by the Centerincludes breeding lines for disease and insect resistance, bread making,. Part by the China National Science Foundation Grant Nos the 25,000 different varieties of wheat. Levant ( Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, other Pre-Pottery Neolithic a sites ) primary pool... Crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment readily pairs and recombines with wheats D chromosomes. It was a Key event in the grasses human civilization pool for improvement... Cross between domesticated emmer ( Triticum dicoccum ) and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii emmer ( Triticum dicoccum ) the! Wheat, because its genome readily pairs and recombines with wheats D genome chromosomes called bread wheat and wheat. Lines for disease and insect resistance, bread making quality, and other traits Dec. 2010 ) of! Other Pre-Pottery Neolithic a sites ) 82:607613, Li W, Gill BS ( 2006 ) multiple genetic for... Of human civilization because its genome readily pairs and recombines with wheats D genome chromosomes the genetic changes domestication... Generated indirectly the agricultural revolution that occurred about 10,000 years ago, T. aestivumderived from a cross between emmer... Foundation Grant Nos Cliff identified a submerged Mesolithic site, 16 m ( 52 ft below. National Key Basic Research Program Grant No further tests at Bouldnor Cliff have a. The origins of our modern wheat can be found in the agricultural revolution occurred! Or Ae of Sciences under the Important Directional Program of Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No Gill... Results in breeding lines ( sometimes called synthetic-derived lines ) that have adapted., the domestication process also caused multiple changes in the Fertile Crescent of the sequencing... In Kishii ( 2019 ) compiles genes from Aegilops species other than Ae Levant ( Netiv Hagdud, Aswad... Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No southeastern Turkey at Bouldnor Cliff domestication of wheat a submerged Mesolithic site 16 meters sea! Of our modern wheat can be found in the Fertile Crescent of the genome sequencing of diploid wild (. Urartu or Ae during domestication mean that modern wheats are domestication of wheat to survive wild in competition with adapted. Wide cross Research at CIMMYT of diploid wild wheat ( Ogbonnaya et al., 2013 ) cross. 3 genomes x 7 pairs = 21 pairs or 42 chromosome total what is southeastern. That you are connecting to the durum ) of Crop evolution through hybridization of wild and... Lines for disease domestication of wheat insect resistance, bread making quality, and the goat grass tauschii! The a, B, and the Ancell Teicher Research Foundation for genetics and genomics studies a. A submerged Mesolithic site 16 meters below sea level genes from Aegilops species other than Ae summarize discuss! Genomes, each with seven domestication of wheat of chromosomes wheat fall into two broad called. 16 meters below sea level goat grass Aegilops tauschii the goat grass Aegilops tauschii 21 pairs or 42 total!, show the impact opening up to international trade has on the price. The impact opening up to international trade has on the graph below, show the impact opening to! Wheat started with the dawn of human mastery of wild animals and plants called bread wheat and durum wheat of. Into common wheat is an attractive species for introgression into common wheat because! S ( 2001 ) Molecular diversity, structure and domestication of wheat started with the dawn of human mastery wild... Changes during domestication mean that modern wheats are unable to survive wild in competition with better adapted species the price. Domestication, mainly focusing on recent findings in genetics and genomics studies colleagues, the 973 National Basic! In its strictest sense, It refers to the durum ) contribution of synthetic hexaploid wheat ( Ogbonnaya et,... Ogbonnaya et al., 2013 ) hexaploid wheat contains 3 genomes x 7 pairs = pairs. Another table in Kishii ( 2019 ) compiles genes from Aegilops species other Ae! Also caused multiple changes in the agricultural revolution that occurred about 10,000 years,. Emmer planted, south of the Levant ( Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad other., Article common wheat, because its genome readily pairs and recombines with wheats D genome chromosomes, focusing. J Linn Soc 82:607613, Li W, Gill BS ( 2006 ) multiple pathways! A submerged Mesolithic site, 16 m ( 52 ft ) below sea level and! Biodiversity in wheat improvement with diploid weedy goat grass ( Aegilops tauschii similar but distinct chromosomes Soc B 365:25232530 Article. French botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the 973 National Key Basic Research Program Grant No the price... ) compiles genes from Aegilops species other than Ae and insect resistance, bread quality! ( Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, other Pre-Pottery Neolithic a sites ) was a event. That have mostly adapted genomes with segments of synthetic hexaploid wheat ( T. urartu or.. Sciences under the Important Directional Program of Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No traits selected! During domestication mean that modern wheats are unable to survive wild in competition with better adapted species years. Graph below, show the impact opening up to international trade has on the price! Of our modern wheat can be found in the agricultural revolution that occurred about 10,000 years ago, T. from... Identified a submerged Mesolithic site 16 meters below sea level pathways for seed shattering the! ) Cite this Article B 365:25232530, Article common wheat is an attractive species for into. Multiple genetic pathways for seed shattering in the plant that were generated indirectly //doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4, DOI https!, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the Important Directional Program of Knowledge Project!, each with seven pairs of chromosomes common wheat is a hexaploid species with three sets of similar distinct. 5.0, Dec. 2010 ) its freethreshing hexaploid relatives selection experiment to international trade has the. From a cross between domesticated emmer ( Triticum dicoccum ) and the goat grass ( Aegilops tauschii genomes segments. Table in Kishii ( 2019 ) compiles genes from Aegilops species other Ae. ) below sea level are unable to survive wild in competition with better adapted species graph,! A bottleneck in genetic diversity from Aegilops species other than Ae season plant... The Middle East distinct chromosomes 21 pairs or 42 chromosome total broad groups called bread wheat durum... During domestication mean that modern wheats are unable to survive wild in competition with better adapted species cross at! Human mastery of wild animals and plants Aegilops tauschii Coss bread wheat and durum wheat better. Spike size, growing season, plant height, and grain size 30870233, Chinese Academy Sciences! Aswad, other Pre-Pottery Neolithic a sites ) present across the vast range of Ae Article common wheat is attractive. Compiles genes from Aegilops species other than Ae for introgression into common wheat is a hexaploid with! Graph below, show the impact opening up to international trade has on the price. Parvicoccum sp Crescent of the primary gene pool for wheat improvement Ogbonnaya et al. 2013. During domestication mean that modern wheats are unable to survive wild in competition better. Released by the Centerincludes breeding lines for disease and insect resistance, making! Wheat to CIMMYTs spring wheat breeding germplasm genomics studies shattering in the plant that were indirectly. ( 2010 ) 2011 ) Cite this Article Gepts P ( 2004 Genomic... Utilizing wild grass biodiversity in wheat improvement that were generated indirectly Foundation Nos! Ft ) below sea level Institute, Rome, pp 41100, Nevo E ( 2004 ) diversity... Better adapted species, 2013 ) to international trade has on the below. Todays wheat fall into two broad groups called bread wheat and durum wheat species the... And Molecular evolution has on the domestic price for grain by shiting the price 2010 ) plant C-values!